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Book Review - Implementation

What I will be trying to do in this review is to examine how different theories have evolved and how they can be used for the development of the society and the country as a whole. In the book, the authors define ‘ implementation ’ as “to carry out, accomplish, fulfill, produce, complete”. This definition is a whole loop of activities in itself involving several people in different people – from communities to political parties and from businessmen to civil servants. The book suggests that implementation has to be in the mind of policy makers and decision-makers since the time of policy planning. The book starts to talk about the ambitious project in Oakland-California where they had several goals to achieve and several promises to fulfill. Even though the beginning looked tremendously in shape and good but the project was declared a complete failure after some years. What went wrong all of sudden if everything looked interesting during the beginning of the project has a lot ...
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Review - Philosophical Roots of Public Policy

SOPHISTS: Specific kinds of teachers in ancient Greece who were specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric. There were also other sophists who taught subjects such as music, athletics, and mathematics. In general, they claimed to teach arete ("excellence" or "virtue", applied to various subject areas), predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. SOCRATES: A classical Greek philosopher who is known to be one of the founders of Western Philosophy and being the first moral philosopher. For ethics and epistemology, Socrates has made a lot of contributions. Because Socrates didn’t write anything by himself and his followers like Plato and Xenophon depicted him, there are sometimes contradictions found too. PLATO: An Athenian philosopher during the classical period in Ancient Greece. He is founder of Platonian school of thought and the Academy where people could reach out for higher education. He was the innovator for the written dialogues and dialects ...
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Book Review - Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis

What I will be trying to do in this review is to examine how decisions were made by policy actors during the Cuban Missile Crisis and to “explore the influence of unrecognized assumptions upon our thinking”.  Allison presents three models as lenses to see the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Rational Actor Model, Organizational Behavior Model, and Government Politics Model. The author presents these models as lenses between which an analyst may switch. The author concludes, though, that a synthesis between the models is probably best as the models compete and overlap.  The Rational Actor Model - This model assumes that actors in the international relations system are unitary states, which are goal-oriented and utility-maximizing. This model grows out classical realism, which is a philosophical paradigm that views rational states as the primary actors in the international system, which is a cluster of each against all. This model helps the analyst identify the circumstance...
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Book Review - Implementation Game

What I will be trying to do in this review is to see how the implementation as a process and problem as a whole has evolved as there is more systematic approach provided in the book. Bardach's principal tool is the metaphor of "game," which he uses to summarize the behavior of actors involved in implementation of various policy decisions The metaphor, he says (p. 56), "directs us to look at the players, what they regard as the stakes, their strategies and tactics, their resources for playing, the rules of play (which stipulate the conditions of winning), the rules of fair play (which stipulate the boundaries beyond which lie fraud or illegitimacy), the nature of the communications for lack of them) among the players, and the degree of uncertainty surrounding the possible outcomes." Using whatever he has tried to draw from his own detailed observation of the implementation of mental health reform in California as well as other published work he believes to ...
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Women Entrepreneurship at a Glance

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Entrepreneurship and Women Entrepreneurship in Global Context During the last few decades, recognition has been given to the importance of women's entrepreneurship as a prerequisite for household-level poverty alleviation, national economic development, and the empowerment of women (Mayoux 2001a). Entrepreneurship, further specifying women entrepreneurship has become a buzz word for the developing and least developed countries. The term 'entrepreneur' means one who 'undertakes the organization and management of an enterprise involving innovativeness, independence and risk, as well as the opportunity for profit' (Timmons and Spinelli, 2006). Innovation enables an entrepreneur to venture into new technology, products, and markets, while independence and risk-taking is required in every stage of the business from start­ up to expansion (Ming-Yen 2007). One will have to agree that leadership and innovativeness, besides other characters, is extremely important for ...
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Forest Under Community Based Management – Uses and Implications

In 2014, the estimated world’s total forest area was more than 4 billion hectares (corresponding to about 31 percent of total land area)  (FAO, 2015) . About 1.6 billion people depend on forest for their livelihood. Moreover, to more than 80 percent of all terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects, forest serves as their home  (UN, 2016) . In addition to providing food, security and shelter, forest play a vital role in fighting the climate change, protecting biodiversity and the homes of the indigenous population. It is estimated that about thirteen million hectares of the forests are being lost every year  (UN, 2016) . With the aim of involving communities and smallholders in forest management and governance, community based forestry (CBF) has received a considerable amount of attention over the years. In this time period there has been a substantial increase in the forest area under several regimes. It is estimated that to date almost one-third of the wor...
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